Online Companion: A Guidance Approach for the Encouraging Classroom, 4e

Chapter 5

APPLICATION ACTIVITIES

Application activities allow students to interrelate material from the text with real-life situations. The observations imply access to practicum experiences; the interviews, access to teachers or parents. Students may compare or contrast observations and interviews with referenced ideas from the chapter.

  1. The encouraging classroom.
    1. Observe in a classroom that you believe to be encouraging. Select a child that you perceive to be vulnerable for stigma (negative separation from the group). Observe a situation with the child when a conflict is involved. Record the observation as objectively as you can. Compare the responses of the teacher and/or other children in the class to what the book says should happen in the encouraging classroom.
    2. Interview a teacher about the following: (1) what some characteristics are of children in the class who are particularly vulnerable for stigma; (2) how the teacher works with the group to be inclusive of these children; (3) how the teacher monitors her own responses with the identified children to prevent stigma. How does what the teacher says go along with text material on the encouraging classroom?
  2. Developmentally appropriate practice.
    1. Observe a small-group activity that you believe to be developmentally appropriate. Record as objectively as possible verbal and nonverbal responses that characterize one child's responses. Hypothesize what that child may be gaining from the activity in each of these developmental domains: physical, cognitive, language, social/cultural, and emotional. Compare your findings to text material on developmentally appropriate practice.
    2. Interview a teacher who uses developmentally appropriate practice. Ask how the teacher assesses children's progress in relation to outcomes or standards that might be required in the program or school. What key problems does the teacher encounter in assessing learning and discussing it with other adults? How does the teacher work to resolve these problems? Compare your findings to text material on developmentally appropriate practice.
  3. Physical layout.
    1. Observe carefully the classroom of a teacher who uses learning centers. Diagram the classroom using as much detail as possible. Compare the pattern of center placement with considerations in the text for planning and using centers.
    2. In a small group of two or three, design a classroom using the centers listed under the consideration pertaining to traffic flow and noise level. Use the considerations listed in the chapter as criteria for center design and placement. Using hard copies, transparency projection, or computer projection, give a tour of your classroom to other members of your class. Remind them to use compliment sandwiches in their feedback to your group.
    3. Interview a teacher who uses learning centers. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of center use as the teacher sees them. How does the teacher see learning centers contributing to the atmosphere of an encouraging classroom? Compare your findings with what the text says about learning centers.
  4. Thematic instruction.
    1. Observe a preprimary or primary class that is completing a theme. Note which of the following the teacher uses: webbing, learning centers, small-group activities, integrated curriculum. Note the children's level of engagement in theme activities. Compare the observations with what the text says about theme-based instruction.
    2. Interview a teacher who uses themes. Ask about the teacher's use of: webbing, learning centers, small-group activities, integrated curriculum. Note the children's level of engagement in theme activities. Compare the observations with what the text says about theme-based instruction.
  5. Classroom volunteers.
    1. Observe a classroom where one or more family members volunteer. Note what the teacher is doing to help the volunteer(s) feel welcome. Compare or contrast your observations with ideas from the chapter about encouraging parents to volunteer.
    2. Interview a family member volunteer. What went into the member's decision to volunteer in the classroom? What part did the teacher play in the decision to volunteer? Compare what the person said with ideas from the chapter about encouraging family members to be classroom volunteers.

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RECOMMENDED READINGS

Black, S. (2003, January). Too soon to test. American School Board Journal.

Cassidy, D. J., Mims, S., Rucker, L., & Boone, D. (2003, Summer). Emergent curriculum and kindergarten readiness. Childhood Education, 194-199.

Curtis, D., & Carter, M. (2005). Rethinking early childhood environments to enhance learning. Young Children, 60(3), 34-38.

Gallagher, K. C. (2005). Brain research and early childhood development: A primer for developmentally appropriate practice. Young Children, 60(4), 20-22.

Hasche, B. (2003, Summer). Childhood obesity. The caregiver's role. Texas Child Care.

Heidemann, S., Chang, C. J., & Menninga, B. (2005).When teachers are learning, children are too: Teaching teachers about assessment. Young Children, 60(3), 86-92.

Kohn, A. (2001). Fighting the tests: Turning frustration into action. Young Children, 56(2), 19-24.

National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2005). Resources on environments that support exploring, learning, and living. Young Children, 60(3), 56-58.

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WEB LINKS

Note: The following list of materials does not necessarily indicate author endorsement.

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

  1. The Idea Box: Early Childhood Education and Activities http://www.theideabox.com
  2. Hummingbird Educational Resources http://www.hummingbirded.com/
  3. Early Childhood Resource: Resources for Parents and Teachers http://www.earlychildhood.com/
  4. McREL Institute http://www.mcrel.org/
    Under McREL's Quick Links, choose Early Literacy Advisor

Teacher Resources

  1. Nuttin' But Kids http://www.nuttinbutkids.com/
  2. EduPuppy: Educational Resources http://www.edupuppy.com/
  3. Early Connections: Technology http://www.netc.org
    Under Technology in the Curriculum, Choose Early Connections
  4. Wellesley Centers for Women http://www.wellesley.edu/
    Choose Campus Places > Wellesley Centers for Women > Research, Education & Action > Click the Subject tab to search for projects on Education, Child Care, etc.
  5. Kids' Castle: Resources for Teachers http://www.kidscastle.si.edu
  6. Early Childhood Online http://www.umaine.edu/
    Search for ECE Online > Choose ECE-Curriculum and Environments
  7. Teaching Strategies, Inc. http://www.teachingstrategies.com
  8. Perpetual Preschool http://www.perpetualpreschool.com/
  9. Phi Delta http://www.pdkintl.org
  10. Awesome Library for Teachers http://www.neat-schoolhouse.org
    Enter a door for Teachers

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AUDIO-VISUAL RESOURCES

[Creating a Community of Learners] www.naeyc.org

[The Creative Curriculum] www.teachingstrategies.com

[Developmentally Appropriate First Grade: A Community of Learners] www.naeyc.org

[Discipline Series: Discipline and the Physical Environment] www.earlychilded.delmar.com

[An Idea Blossoms-Integrated Curriculum] www.naeyc.org

[The New Room Arrangement as a Teaching Strategy] www.teachingstrategies.com

[Seeds of Change-Leadership and Staff Development] www.naeyc.org

[Teachers in Transition: Room to Grow] www.naeyc.org

AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS

Note: The following list of available materials does not necessarily indicate author endorsement.

Creating a Community of Learners. This video emphasizes that schools need to foster communities of learners dedicated to the continuous improvement of the learning environment. It profiles one school whose educational decisions are driven by the goals of continuous learning. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1509 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. 1-800-424-2460.

The Creative Curriculum. This dynamic 37-minute video effectively conveys what a quality, developmentally appropriate program should look like. Filmed in a variety of early childhood settings, the videotape follows the structure of The Creative Curriculum for Early Childhood. 1988. Teaching Strategies, Inc., PO Box 42243, Washington, DC 20015. 1-800-637-3652.

Developmentally Appropriate First Grade: A Community of Learners. Spend a day in David Burchfield's first-grade classroom in a public school in rural Virginia through this video. He translates the concept of developmentally appropriate practice into a thematic, interactive learning experience for children 5 through 7 years old. #825. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1509 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. 1-800-424-2460.

Discipline Series: Discipline and the Physical Environment. Not specifically geared to early childhood education, this newer video nonetheless shows how design of the physical environment can reduce mistaken behavior in the classroom, with ideas adaptable to early childhood. Thompson Delmar Learning, Executive Woods, 5 Maxwell Drive, Clifton Park, NY 12065. 1-800-998-7498.

An Idea Blossoms-Integrated Curriculum. This video illustrates how three teachers successfully used an integrated curriculum to meet individual children's needs at many levels. The program examines planning techniques, as well as the roles of the teacher and the child in implementing an integrated curriculum. #868. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1509 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. 1-800-424-2460.

The New Room Arrangement as a Teaching Strategy. This video illustrates with still photos room arrangement ideas to reduce conflicts and enhance productive activity in early childhood classrooms. 1991. Teaching Strategies, Inc., PO Box 42243, Washington, DC 20015. 1-800-637-3652.

Seeds of Change-Leadership and Staff Development. Ensuring that all children come to school ready to learn requires a restructuring of the ways schools and communities work. This video explores ways to encourage professional development of teachers and other staff while implementing best practices. It examines how teachers advocate for change in practices and how they organize, analyze, and implement best practices in individual schools. #871. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1509 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. 1-800-424-2460.

Teachers in Transition: Room to Grow. This video shows primary teachers striving to implement more developmentally appropriate practice in different contexts-rural South Carolina and Chicago. #817. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1509 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. 1-800-424-2460.

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RELEVANT WEB SITES

Note: The following list of materials does not necessarily indicate author endorsement.

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

  1. The Idea Box: Early Childhood Education and Activities http://www.theideabox.com
  2. Hummingbird Educational Resources http://www.hummingbirded.com/
  3. Early Childhood Resource: Resources for Parents and Teachers http://www.earlychildhood.com/
  4. McREL Institute http://www.mcrel.org/
    Under McREL's Quick Links, choose Early Literacy Advisor
  5. Reggio Emilia http://www.eric.ed.gov/
    Search for Reggio Emilia

Teacher Resources

  1. Nuttin' But Kids http://www.nuttinbutkids.com/
  2. EduPuppy: Educational Resources http://www.edupuppy.com/
  3. Early Connections: Technology http://www.netc.org/
    Under Technology in the Curriculum, Choose Early Connections
  4. Kids' Castle: Resources for Teachers www.kidscastle.si.edu
  5. Early Childhood Online http://www.umaine.edu
    Search for ECE Online > Choose ECE-Curriculum and Environments
  6. Teaching Strategies, Inc. http://www.teachingstrategies.com
  7. Perpetual Preschool http://www.perpetualpreschool.com/
  8. Phi Delta Kappa http://www.pdkintl.org
  9. Awesome Library for Teachers http://www.neat-schoolhouse.org/
    Enter a door for Teachers

PREVIEW

FIVE Organizing the Encouraging Classroom

Chapter Five examines the organization of the encouraging classroom. The topics include explanation of the encouraging classroom; the vital role of developmentally appropriate practice; physical layout of the encouraging classroom; thematic instruction as the central instructional focus; and the use of parent volunteers in the encouraging classroom.

SIX Managing the Encouraging Classroom

Chapter Six explores management of the encouraging classroom to reduce mistaken behavior. Topics include setting up the daily program, mixing active and quiet times, the placing of large groups, managing transitions, and working with family members and other volunteers in the classroom.

SEVEN Leadership Communication with the Group

Chapter Seven addresses the use of leadership communication with the group, including establishing leadership at the beginning of the school year; implementing guidelines instead of rules; providing encouragement; discussing inclusively, using the class meeting; and communicating with parents to maintain partnerships.

EIGHT Leadership Communication with the Individual

Chapter Eight explores leadership communication with the individual to reduce and prevent mistaken behavior. In the encouraging classroom, the teacher uses leadership to support the individual by listening to life experiences; by using contact talk, the compliment sandwich, humor, and the careful use of touch; and by using leadership communication in the family-teacher conference.

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GUIDING QUESTIONS

  • What is an encouraging classroom?
  • How does developmentally appropriate practice contribute to the encouraging classroom?
  • How does physical layout make the classroom encouraging?
  • How does thematic instruction at the primary grade level illustrate the encouraging classroom at work?
  • How does the teacher encourage parents to be classroom volunteers?

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DISCUSSION ACTIVITY

Recall from your experience as a student a theme or a classroom routine that you participated in and that means something to you in relation to your professional development. Compare or contrast that experience with relevant ideas from the chapter.

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